Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for characterizing electrochemical systems by applying a small AC voltage over a range of frequencies and measuring the resulting current response. Developed in the late 1960s, EIS reveals the frequency-dependent resistance and capacitance of interfaces, allowing researchers to separate charge transfer kinetics, diffusion, and ohmic losses. It is widely used in battery research, corrosion studies, fuel cells, and biosensors.
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- Barsoukov, E., & Macdonald, J. R. (2005). Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory, Experiment, and Applications (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. · ISBN 978-0-471-64749-2
- Orazem, M. E., & Tribollet, B. (2008). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons. · ISBN 978-0-470-04141-9
- Lasia, A. (2014). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Applications. Springer. · ISBN 978-1-4614-8932-0
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