Σύγκριση μεθόδων

	Ανάπτυξη Κλίμακας Πολλαπλών Επιπέδων	Επαληθευτική Παραγοντική Ανάλυση (Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA)
Πεδίο	Ψυχομετρία	Ψυχομετρία
Οικογένεια	Latent structure	Latent structure
Έτος προέλευσης	1990s–2000s	1969
Δημιουργός	Raudenbush, Bryk, Hox and colleagues	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Τύπος	Hierarchical measurement / scale construction	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Θεμελιώδης πηγή	Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728462	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Εναλλακτικές ονομασίες	multilevel measurement modeling, hierarchical scale development, MLSEM scale construction, nested data scale development	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Συναφείς	5	4
Σύνοψη	Multilevel scale development constructs and validates measurement instruments for data collected from individuals nested within higher-level units such as classrooms, organizations, or clinics. It partitions item variance into within-group and between-group components, ensuring that reliability and factor structure are evaluated at both levels simultaneously.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.