Σύγκριση μεθόδων

	Κλίμακα Κατάθλιψης του Κέντρου Επιδημιολογικών Μελετών (CES-D)	Ερωτηματολόγιο Γενικής Υγείας-12 (GHQ-12)	Κλίμακα Αξιολόγησης Άγχους Hamilton (HAM-A)	Κλίμακα Ψυχολογικής Δυσφορίας Kessler-10 (K10)
Πεδίο	Κλινική Ψυχολογία	Κλινική Ψυχολογία	Κλινική Ψυχολογία	Κλινική Ψυχολογία
Οικογένεια	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Έτος προέλευσης	1977	1992	1959	2002
Δημιουργός	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg	Max Hamilton	Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues
Τύπος	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Non-specific psychological distress screening
Θεμελιώδης πηγή	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. Y., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976.
Εναλλακτικές ονομασίες	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ	HAM-A, HARS	K10, K6, Kessler Scale
Συναφείς	5	5	5	5
Σύνοψη	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-item version (K6) is also widely used for rapid case identification.