Method evidence record
Bonus-Malus System
A Bonus-Malus System (BMS) is an actuarial experience-rating mechanism used primarily in automobile insurance to adjust individual policyholders' premiums based on their personal claim history. Policyholders who remain claim-free receive premium discounts (bonus), while those who file claims are penalised with surcharges (malus). The framework was comprehensively formalised and analysed by Jean Lemaire in his landmark 1995 monograph, which remains the definitive reference for the design and evaluation of such systems worldwide.
Evidence statusSources recorded, not reviewedBibliographic sources are present. Claim-level evidence review has not been performed.
Source record
Recorded
Citations copied verbatim from the method’s source record. No claim-level verification is inferred from them.
Bonus-Malus Systems (Experience Rating)
Taxonomic method recordregression-modelactuarial-science
Lemaire, J. (1995). Bonus-Malus Systems in Automobile Insurance. Kluwer Academic Publishers. · ISBN 978-0-7923-9545-5
Open full method1 recorded citation, copied from the method source record.
Curated claims
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Claims persisted in the evidence ledger, each with its own assessment.
No curated claims yet
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Related methods
Suggested2
Generated from the method graph and shown as machine-suggested relations. No evidence claim is inferred.
- Taxonomic bucketCredibility Theory
machine-suggestedRelational suggestion, not evidence.
- Same method familyNegative Binomial Regression
machine-suggestedRelational suggestion, not evidence.