Multi-level weighted sampling
Multi-level weighted sampling is a probability-based survey design that draws samples from hierarchically nested populations — such as students within classrooms within schools within districts — and assigns design weights at each level to account for unequal selection probabilities. The resulting weighted data enable unbiased population-level inference despite the complex, non-proportional structure of the sampling frame. It is the backbone of major international assessments such as PISA and TIMSS.
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- Kish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. John Wiley & Sons. New York. · ISBN 978-0471109495
- Skinner, C. J., Holt, D., & Smith, T. M. F. (Eds.). (1989). Analysis of Complex Surveys. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. · ISBN 978-0471918455
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